Indeed, for a historian who can establish himself in the past and not the future, the world’s development is full of surprises: in religion, in politics, in social attitudes, there are sudden, almost electrifying, shifts nad changes that would, were they grasped, make historically minded commentators more wary of their confident prognostications. One particular instance is the doom laden modern demographer forecasting standing room only on this planet in another hundred years or so, a recycling of the dismal Malthus with the fear mongering specter of cannibalism, part of a fashion among scientists ignorant of history. Somewhat like the current fear that Muslims will demographically dominate America in the near future.
They thoughtlessly expected population to grow in a straight, predictable line, as it were, ever upward. The slightest knowledge of the history of population would have taught them that population growth and population decline occur very oddly. Why did Elizabethan Englishmen want babies, and Stuart Englishmen not? Why did not only Europe’s but China’s, population- indeed the world’s- leap forward in the eighteenth century? Why did France’s population scarcely grow in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
There is no easy, simple, or even satisfactorily complex explanation of the changes, which are sudden and take the societies that experience them by surprise. People aware of these facts are not astonished that population growth should suddenly go into reverse. Indeed, one of the surprises of history in store for us in the twenty-first century may be a sharp decline of global population. And it will not be the first time that great cities have emptied. There should be nothing remarkable in the idea of Chicago ceasing to be nor the automobile going the way of the horse drawn coach raise a historical eyebrow.
The future, however, is just as obscure to the professional as to the amateur, although they should be less surprised and quicker to discover “why” changes occur. But at least historians can teach others to be wary, can stress over and over again the element of surprise in the story of humankind and, perhaps, point out that historical surprises seem to occur most frequently, although certainly not always, in periods of rapid inflation, which dislocates belief and rots social structure and institutions. This is particularly true in the sphere of political history and the history of belief. We need to be alert, for all surprise is dangerous and sudden changes in political structure, in belief, or in the style of life rarely take place without creating human misery.