…Darwin’s own account suggests that in part he owed the inspiration for his theory to reading T.R. Malthus’s Essay on Population which was written in 1798, though the dates in Darwin’s journal throw some doubt on this. Malthus’s essay purports to show that population growth will always tend to outrun food supply unless checked by war, famine, or disease. Malthus’s principle could obviously be extended in an evolutionary direction by concentrating on the struggle for existence and the question of why some survived rather than others. Seven years before the publication of the Origin, Herbert Spencer had already given Malthus such an interpretation in his brief essay on “The Theory of Population,” but he applied it only to human beings, not to problems of species as such.
Darwin was stillplanning a much longer work than The Origin of Species was in fact to be, when his hand was forced by the dramatic coincidence of the arrival of a paper from Alfred Russell Wallace in which the theory of natural selection was clearly set out. Darwin, in anguish, remarked, ” I would far rather burn muy whole book than that he or any other man should think I had behaved in a paltry spirit.” But Darwin’s priority was acknowledged, and the presentation of the Darwin-Wallace thesis as a joint paper to the Linnaean Society on July 1, 1858, was one of the most unsordid episodes in the history of science.
It was more than twenty years since Darwin had begun his first notebook on “The Transmutation of Species.” The Linnaean Society paper caused little stir; not so the publication in the following year of The Origin of Species. The “murder” Darwin had confessed to Joseph Dalton Hooker fifteen years earlier was out. ( to be continued)…